While creating charging profile of mobile broadband service, charging gateway requires some information such as Network Address Server (NAS), how much tariff per 1 minute, how much tariff per 1 Kbps, which destination address will have free of charge or how much tariff of its address while subscribers access those destination (URL), IP Pool of mobile broadband subscribers domain (if require), Intelligent Network (IN) address. Charging gateway also requires what type of protocol needed to connect to Intelligent Network (IN) and how many packages of charging profile they require to charge the entire of mobile broadband service

Network Address Server (NAS) indicates the ID of each PDSN or GGSN that will server mobile broadband service. Usually mobile broadband provider will have several PDSN or GGSN and each of them will have particular NAS ID when they will create charging profile on charging gateway. Some of charging gateway requires IP Pool while creating charging profile and some of them did not need it. IP Pool assigned on the charging gateway should be the same with IP Pool allocated on the PDSN or GGSN

Meanwhile packages of charging profile will determine how many charging profile will be assigned to mobile broadband subscribers. packages of charging profile could be assigned based on how much tariff per 1 minute, 1 Kbps and destination address (URL) hit by mobile broadband subscribers

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When session from mobile broadband service succeed to be authenticated by Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) server then PDSN will send accounting request to charging system either PDSN itself, AAA service or dedicated charging platform such as Online Charging Service (OCS) and charging gateway. Once the charging system allows the session which that mean mobile broadband session is valid customer and have sufficient balance then mobile broadband session will be allowed to access the traffic either internet or application service such as BREW application, download contents etc

Basic charging mechanisms

There are many types of charging mechanisms to allow mobile broadband subscriber to access the service. Charging mechanism on mobile broadband service is created with many rules or rating due to various packages on mobile broadband service. Basic charging mechanisms are duration (time) and volume bases. Charging mechanism base on duration will charge mobile broadband subscriber for total duration they have been used to access the traffic. Meanwhile volume mechanism will charge mobile broadband subscriber for total volume (bytes) traffic they have been consumed.

Various charging mechanisms

As various packages, mobile broadband provider need to create flexible and various rating. It usually referring to what kind of traffic will be accessed by mobile broadband subscriber. Charging mechanism will be rated based on what protocol will be hit by mobile broadband subscriber and what kind of service will be consumed by mobile broadband subscriber. The charging mechanism is also referring to what packages will be taken by mobile broadband subscriber. In this charging mechanism, there will be a certainty rating for Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). There will be different rates when mobile broadband subscriber access to chatting service such Yahoo Messenger (YM), Gtalk, MSN and WLM and when subscriber accesses to email service such as Yahoo mail, Google mail and Hotmail. Mobile broadband provider will create certainty rate for accessing social networking such as Facebook and Twitter. When subscriber accesses to application service such as download content, they will have different rate as well

High flexibility on the charging system is required to have various charging mechanisms such above

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Mobile broadband service will require accounting process to charge mobile broadband subscriber while they access high speed internet access. Accounting process responsible to deduct subscriber balance for the prepaid phone number and record the transaction on the Call Detail Record (CDR) for the postpaid phone number. Accounting process could be done by Authentication, Accounting and Authorization (AAA) server or dedicated charging system. Accounting process on mobile broadband service either on EVDO, 3G or WIMAX involves several partner such as Intelligent Network (IN) so then the charging process can be done

Accounting process types

Basically accounting system or charging gateway will charge mobile broadband service based on two kind of charging; duration and volume. Duration base means that mobile broadband subscriber will be charged based on how long time they access to internet. Meanwhile volume base charging means mobile broadband subscriber will be charged for the mount bytes they have been accessing.

Accounting call flow

When mobile broadband subscribers initiate a session through their mobile phone and modem connected to internet, accounting server or charging gateway will look into the database whether this subscriber (mobile phone number) register in the database or not. Accounting server or charging gateway then will look into type of charging will be applied to this subscriber whether duration or volume bases. Accounting server or charging gateway then will request to Intelligent Network (IN) to reserve some money to access internet. Reservation balance to Intelligent Network (IN) will happen to prepaid subscriber. Postpaid subscriber will have different accounting process. Once Intelligent Network (IN) confirms that this mobile broadband subscriber has sufficient balance then Intelligent Network will deduct the balance as much as requested by accounting server or charging gateway. After deduction complete then mobile broadband subscriber will be allowed to access internet or others mobile broadband service

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1. Authentication Function

Before subscriber is allowed to browse to internet or download content of Value Added Service (VAS), Authentication Server will check the parameter sent by subscriber whether valid or not. The parameters that will be checked could be username and password, domain and International Mobile Station Identity (IMSI). Each subscriber whether they make a dial session through modem attached to the computer/laptop or mobile phone/handset will send certainty parameters to the PDSN before they permit to browse to internet. Authentication Server will authenticate these parameters and once it matches subscriber will be allowed to go to the next level and one or more parameters are not match than subscriber will be rejected. Authentication Server could be done by its PDSN or dedicated server. To have more authentication parameters, usually telecommunication companies will install dedicated Authentication Server. It also could be combined with the authorization and accounting functions.

2. Accounting function

Accounting is charging function. It relates to the balance deduction and how subscriber will be charged, what kind of charging mechanism will be applied. Telecommunication companies which have various charging of wireless or mobile internet service, usually will have dedicated charging gateway to create many charging policies. Actually charging function can be done by PDSN itself but it is very simple and can not adopt various charging rules. The charging rules could how duration based, volume based, hybrid charging (combination between duration and volume bases) free tariff for certainty period, free charging for mount bytes, free accessing to certainty address e.g. free for chatting at Yahoo Messenger etc. Accounting server is how they will charge the subscriber. Therefore they maintain the connection to the Intelligent Network (IN) as the telecommunication infrastructure where subscriber balance is placed. Accounting server will check the current balance for prepaid subscriber and reserve the balance before it permit to browse to internet or download some contents of Value Added Service (VAS)

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PDSN process the request before subscriber reach the internet and do the necessary action to make sure that the session reach the right another telecommunication network while make a data service session. Globally, PDSN has functions as below;

1. Manage the radio-packet (RP) interface that connect to BSC

As we know that the main issue on wireless internet service is lack of Radio Frequency (RF). While subscriber is connected but do nothing (dormant time) session between subscriber, BTS and BSC will be terminated but connection between BSC to PDSN still there until subscriber browse to generate the traffic

2. Provide routing and packet management service

Session from subscriber will be routed to internet gateway so then subscriber able to browse to internet. In another case subscribers will browse to internal application service such as Value Added Service (VAS). PDSN will route the subscriber’s request to proper application service

3. Applies IP services

Each session from subscriber will be allocated a certainty IP Pool. Each session has different IP Pool. PDSN will allocate this IP Pool to each subscriber

4. Collects packet billing data

Usually charging system is done by another network element (charging gateway). PDSN will forward the charging process to the another network element

5. Authentication packet connections

At the first when the subscriber make a dial up session, PDSN will sent to authentication to AAA server to identify whether this is valid subscriber or not

The important thing related to PDSN is Authentication, Accounting and Authorization (AAA) process. Accounting is related to charging process that will be done by charging gateway. Subscriber will be charged based on policy was applied on the charging gateway to each subscriber. Authentication process is identification process to each subscriber before they are allowed to access the internet. The things that will be checked by Authentication server are account (username and password) and mobile phone number(MIN – Mobile Identification Number). Meanwhile Authorization process is the access policy to the subscriber

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1. Duration base

Subscriber will be charged based on how long they access the internet

2. Volume base

Subscriber will be charged based how long much traffic has been consumed by subscriber

By practice, Telecommunication Company can make various charging mechanisms on their mobile broadband internet service and they are more complicated but basically they are referring to two charging mechanisms above. To run charging mechanism, Telecommunication Company requires charging gateway which could be integrated to the Intelligent Network (IN) or dedicated charging gateway with more powerful. Intelligent Network (IN) usually to handle day to day charging call and SMS services. Meanwhile dedicated charging gateway is to handling data and Value Added Service (VAS).

Generally charging mechanism on the wireless or mobile broadband internet service is described as below;

1. Accounting request is coming to charging gateway

Public Data Service Node (PDSN) will send accounting request to charging gateway before subscriber is allowed to access to internet on mobile broadband internet service

2. Charging gateway will look into its database to identify the subscriber status

Subscribers which granted to access to internet are registered on its database. While subscriber is not register than charging gateway will send a notification and about the status of subscriber

3. Charging gateway will reserve and deduct a mount of balance to Intelligent Network (IN)

When charging gateway confirms that subscriber is a granted subscriber than they will reserve and deduct subscriber’s balance as long as subscriber has sufficient balance. Charging gateway also will send a notification to subscriber once they have insufficient balance

4. Then subscriber will be allowed to access to internet

Each time reservation and deduction complete, charging gateway will permit the subscriber to access to internet

Balance will be refunded to subscriber in case subscriber stop to access to internet and reservation balance still there

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To avoid poor connection on mobile broadband internet service, usually Telecommunication Company applies several technical and non technical solutions on the current network infrastructures. Non technical solution could be limiting the capacity of wireless internet subscribers. It means that Telecommunication Company will not expand network infrastructures to accommodate new subscribers and they only maintain the current subscribers. Meanwhile technical solution could be;

1. Adding new network infrastructures to cover the poor performance on mobile broadband internet service at certainty areas

By this mechanism, it means Telecommunication Company should install Base Transceiver (BTS) at the areas where wireless or mobile broadband internet service is getting poor performance. This is expensive way and usually they will do this mechanism once those areas are definitely lack of RF resources

1. Applying different charging bases

This is to differentiate the quality of service on mobile broadband internet service. To the areas where no RF capacity issue, time base charging is the first option. Meanwhile to the areas experience lack of RF capacity, charging system base on volume is fairy. This is avoiding more complaints from subscribers

Both mechanisms above are caused by RF capacity issue. Meanwhile RF capacity is not the main point where unstable connection to wireless internet service is going on. The other one is international bandwidth capacity. To optimize international bandwidth capacity issue, Telecommunication Company could apply one of the following mechanisms;

1. Inserting bandwidth management to the existing network infrastructures

Telecommunication Company will limit the bandwidth capacity to each protocol while subscribers browse to internet. For example, streaming video will only have 5 Mbps to all subscribers, downloading file has 5 Mbps, http protocol is highest priority etc

1. Inserting cache/shape engine

By this mechanism, Telecommunication Company will give an option to their subscribers whether the traffic they will retrieve on the laptop/compute is shaped or normal. While they choose shaping option, the speed will be faster but the quality image will decrease

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To make Data Service happens, Telecommunication Company need to insert new network infrastructures to the existing network e.g. Public Data Service Node (PDSN), SGSN/GGSN and charging system to charge the subscribers while they access to internet. How the call flow of Data Service is happening from subscribers until they reach internet access on their mobile phone or computer/laptop. Herewith the network infrastructures which involved on the call flow of Data Service. In this scenario, it was deploying on the CDMA network

1. mobile phone, computer/laptop or modem
2. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
3. Base Station Controller (BSC)
4. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
5. Home Local Register/Visitor Local Register (HLR/VLR)
6. Public Data Service Node (PDSN)
7. Intelligent Network (IN)
8. Authentication, Accounting and Authorization (AAA) or Charging System
9. Firewall
10. Bandwidth to internet gateway

The call flow of Data Service e.g mobile broadband internet service is just like voice call flow. The different is type of service which be retrieved by subscribers. Therefore, Data Service call flow will be routed to the network infrastructures where voice call served and then route to Data Service’s networks element to have internet service.

First step, subscribers will make a session through the mobile phone (WAP application) or computer/laptop that connects to modem. If voice call session starts the process by dialing to the destination, Data Service started by dialing to certainty number for example #777 so then MSC will identify that it is Data Service process. The next step, call flow will land on BTS, BSC, MSC and HLR/VLR. Once MSC noticed that it is a Data Service call, MSC will forward the request to PDSN. PDSN will assign a certainty IP Pool once the session was authenticated. PDSN also will forward the request to Accounting server or charging system to assign a tariff.

AAA server or charging system will assign certainty tariff once they noticed that the phone number used by subscribers to make a Data Service is a valid number. Finally, PDSN will request internet traffic and then forward back to the subscribers. In this section, subscriber will be able to browse to internet. Firewall was installed to protect internal network keep secure

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