Optical fiber and Satellite transmissions are the most transmission media which used to use by telecommunication companies to carry huge traffic from backbone network. With high capacity they can cater, optical fiber and satellite transmission will be the first option while telecommunication planning team decides to deploy telecommunication infrastructure.

There are many network elements which can split high transmission capacity of optical fiber into many small capacities e.g. E1 capacity (2 Mbps) and per time slot (64 kbps). Telecommunication manufacture (vendor) deploys such network element such as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) to fulfill requirement from telecommunication companies which could manage the backbone traffic up to several Giga bytes. Telecommunication manufactures which already have deployed the SDH system and has been deployed on the wide market are Alcatel, Siemens, Nokia, Ericsson and NEC. They are produce high capability network element which connect to directly to optical fiber

Satellite transmission in alternative solution once telecommunication companies can not provided optical fiber for the backbone transmission or there is no E1 transmission via radio microwave to carry out low and middle traffic. Satellite transmission is high costly transmission media which will be the final second choice while optical fiber to carry out the huge backbone traffic is unavailable. Since the high cost to deploy satellite transmission, there will be a few of network provider which provide satellite transmission lease line.

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Usually telecommunication companies which have international internet backbone will use one or more media transmission optical fiber, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and satellite transmission. Rich telecommunication companies will have one or more of them. It is very expensive to deploy optical fiber, SDH or Satellite transmission networks to reach international internet gateway but telecommunication companies will have a lot of benefits once they have installed optical fiber, SDH or Satellite transmission networks

1. Optical fiber network

Telecommunication companies should deploy optical fiber network from their HQ office to the international internet gateway. There could thousands kilometers of optical fiber they should run to reach international internet gateway. It is depending on type of optical fiber, this deploying require much investment. Deploying optical fiber network will gain huge backbone link which could be more 10 GBps (depending on the optical fiber type and infrastructure to support)

2. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network

SDH network is actually radio microwave transmission with high E1 capacity. SDH network reach up to 64 STM1 and it means there will be 64 x 63 x 2 Mbps. SDH has high flexibility rather than PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) where the speed allocation can be divided in to time slot bases. It is like on optical fiber network, deploying SDH network also spend much money and telecommunication companies should consider well before they deploy SDH network

3. Satellite transmission network

Satellite transmission has much delay response compared to optical fiber and SDH network. Usually telecommunication companies will use satellite transmission network for the back up link in case primary link (optical fiber or SHD networks) is getting problem. Satellite transmission network is the most expensive investment compared to optical fiber network or SDH networks

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Wireless internet service needs E1 transmission to carry out internet traffic from subscribers located at many areas. Usually Telecommunication Company has only one termination point to internet gateway and located ad head quarter. With this scenario, their subscribers located at long distance at many areas must be terminated using E1 transmission. More areas they need to connect then more E1 capacity they need. This is potential point to have a problem on wireless or mobile broadband internet service. While this is happening, the things need to be investigated and fix it are;

1. How many E1 capacity to cover the entire of areas

Traffic which carried out by E1 transmission of wireless or mobile broadband internet service is internet traffic which can not be predicted how much its capacity. The capacity of E1 transmission to carry our wireless internet service will increase while the internet traffic from many areas increases. While E1 transmission problem is coming, we need to identify how many E1 transmissions are going down.

2. Which termination point is having a problem

Usually Telecommunication Company has several E1 termination points. Some of them are lease to another provider and some are their own network infrastructures.

3. What kind of connections of this E1

Many technologies can be utilized to terminate the E1 transmission such Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Point to Point (P2P) Connection

4. Network element which connected this E1 transmission

Before internet traffic reach the internet gateway E1 transmission will be converted to IP based packet and to do this effort, telecommunication company need to add E1 converter to IP base.

5. Back up E1 transmission to reroute the traffic

The availability of back up E1 transmission is very critical while primary E1 transmission goes down. This is to ensure that wireless internet service is running for 24 hours. While E1 transmission problem is coming usually there will be long outage of service if they do not have back up E1 transmission

E1 transmission problem could be at any point of above. It could be on the E1 transmission it self was go down or on the network element where this E1 terminated are going down or on the technology where E1 transmission was connected. The critical point that must be provided by telecommunication company to ensure that wireless or mobile broadband internet service run well is provide a redundancy network in case the primary link goes down

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1. Mobile (MS)
2. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
3. Transmission media
4. Base Station Controller (BSC)
5. Home Location Register (HLR) or Visitor Location Register (VLR)
6. Intelligent Network (IN)
7. Mobile Switching Control (MSC)

Those telecommunication elements above are minimum requirement needed to make a call session or data session on mobile internet service is going on. Actually there are more network element involved during call session but the will not discus here

The first step is you dial to the destination number through your mobile phone or handset. Mobile Station could be your mobile phone, fixed phone or VOIP call via computer. BTS which covered your mobile phone number will take over this dial process to be delivered to the destination number. BTS area is a station where usually contain a tower and shelter to place some equipment e.g. BTS itself, indoor unit of transmission media, power or battery and E1 termination. Shelter should keep on cool to ensure that all equipments are running proper. Meanwhile tower are used for transmit and receive all session either call, SMS or data services (mobile internet service ) from subscriber to the calling partner or to internet gateway

BTS will deliver and receive the telecommunication services from one subscriber to another one through transmission media which are usually using microwave radio, optical fiber and satellite. Media transmission is “the way” where traffic from subscriber or any source address will be delivered to another subscriber or destination address.

The next destination is the call session will land to BSC. BSC is collection of BTS that built in comprehensive equipment. BSC will take over the call session delivered by BTS and will identify what proper next destination. BSC then deliver the call session to MSC. MSC will check the mobile phone number whether he is valid phone number to make a call and identify who making a call is. MSC will request to HLR if the phone number is registered here and if not then MSC will try to find on the VLR if he/she is a visitor.

Once MSC ensure that the phone number is valid number on the database (HLR or VLR), the last step is balance deduction process on the IN. If subscribers balance is enough then balance will be deducted and voice session will happen and vice versa.

Actually the call process that happens on the telecommunication element is more complicate and each of them is related which means that if any disturbance to the one of them; it will impact to the call service. or data service on mobile internet service. The call service could be going to have poor performance or worst case they will get a call drop. But if they all run proper the call session will happen very fast as if you talk directly to your calling partner

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