Mobile broadband service

Each of the broadband providers in the world when they plan to deliver mobile broadband service to the market, they should build the following broadband network infrastructures; GGSN/PDSN, HLR/VLR, BSC, BTS, Online/Offline charging gateway, AAA server and Packet Control (quota and speed management). Besides those broadband networks, they still require international bandwidth to deliver traffic to internet world wide. The same network infrastructures are required when they plan to deliver home broadband service. The most different thing between home and mobile broadband services is that home broadband requires CPE devices at end user that should be installed by broadband customers and running optical fiber from the close CE to home broadband areas. Customers will have dedicated connection to internet gateway (wireline). Meanwhile mobile broadband service is wireless base which means there is sharing resource between one customers to others.

Home broadband providers should invest more to run optical fiber from core network to customers. In another case, home broadband providers should invest satellite connection to provide internet link connection. In addition, usually home broadband service will have limited area such as limited residential area, apartment area and office area. The benefit of home broadband service is customer will have guarantee bandwidth since they have dedicate link from customer CPE to broadband provider core network. If we register monthly package with the speed 6 Mbps and quota 20GB, then we will get that speed. Mobile broadband service will have different scenario. They are wireless internet service which is customer will share network resource with another one. As the result, they will get unstable connection and no guarantee bandwidth. The most powerful of mobile broadband service is they serve wide range customers as long as they covered by broadband signal. Customer is limited with the total subscriber in the same coverage area. In EVDO case, there is no limitation of broadband customers. More customer can be served but the performance will go down.

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There are some the key elements of LTE that should be implemented by mobile broadband provider while they plan to implement it:

1. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) as the signal bearer

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a form of transmission which uses a large number of close spaced carriers which are modulated with low rate data

2. OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

3. SC-FDMA (Single Frequency Division Multiple Access).

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) is being used in many other wireless internet service such as Wireless LAN (WLAN). OFDM is used in WIMAX service as well especially to broadcast technologies including DVB and DAB. OFDM has many benefits including its robustness to multipath fading and interference. Moreover even though, it may appear to be a particularly complicated form of modulation, OFDM lends itself to digital signal processing techniques

Meanwhile the OFDM signal, there are several option that possible to be chosen between three types of modulation:

1. QPSK (= 4QAM) 2 bits per symbol
2. 16QAM 4 bits per symbol
3. 64QAM 6 bits per symbol

There are several channels bandwidths that have been chosen for LTE are:

1. 1.4 MHz
2. 3 MHz
3. 5 MHz
4. 10 MHz
5. 15 MHz
6. 20 MHz

The modulation scheme that can be used by LTE is called SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex) which is a hybrid format. SC-FDMA combines the low peak to average ratio offered by single-carrier systems with the multipath interference resilience and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM provides

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The primary of network elements that should be installed to have mobile broadband service includes, Public Data Servicing Node (PDSN), Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Server, Charging Gateway, Internet Gateway. Meanwhile in core network, usually they already existed by utilizing current network elements such as BTS and BSC. Both of core network elements are used to be upgraded the license to support mobile broadband service. However if mobile broadband providers migrate to the different platform, suppose GPRS to WIMAX or CDMA 1x to WIMAX then they need to change the entire of network elements including BTS and BSC.

Others network elements of mobile broadband that should be considered are data comm networks such as router, switch and firewall. Even though they already existed in current network but we need to give more attention about the its capability to handle huge traffic that will come from mobile broadband subscribers. Transport network such as transmission media also needs to be upgraded to carry out huge traffic. Migrating to the optical network is the common strategy to prevent network bottle neck

Meanwhile in the border which will connect to the outside (internet and three parties), security system should be deployed to prevent undesired traffic from mobile broadband subscribers or outside (internet or three parties). Firewall, cache engine and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) should be deployed to make sure the network security

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PDSN process the request before subscriber reach the internet and do the necessary action to make sure that the session reach the right another telecommunication network while make a data service session. Globally, PDSN has functions as below;

1. Manage the radio-packet (RP) interface that connect to BSC

As we know that the main issue on wireless internet service is lack of Radio Frequency (RF). While subscriber is connected but do nothing (dormant time) session between subscriber, BTS and BSC will be terminated but connection between BSC to PDSN still there until subscriber browse to generate the traffic

2. Provide routing and packet management service

Session from subscriber will be routed to internet gateway so then subscriber able to browse to internet. In another case subscribers will browse to internal application service such as Value Added Service (VAS). PDSN will route the subscriber’s request to proper application service

3. Applies IP services

Each session from subscriber will be allocated a certainty IP Pool. Each session has different IP Pool. PDSN will allocate this IP Pool to each subscriber

4. Collects packet billing data

Usually charging system is done by another network element (charging gateway). PDSN will forward the charging process to the another network element

5. Authentication packet connections

At the first when the subscriber make a dial up session, PDSN will sent to authentication to AAA server to identify whether this is valid subscriber or not

The important thing related to PDSN is Authentication, Accounting and Authorization (AAA) process. Accounting is related to charging process that will be done by charging gateway. Subscriber will be charged based on policy was applied on the charging gateway to each subscriber. Authentication process is identification process to each subscriber before they are allowed to access the internet. The things that will be checked by Authentication server are account (username and password) and mobile phone number(MIN – Mobile Identification Number). Meanwhile Authorization process is the access policy to the subscriber

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1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) capacity
2. Link utilization
3. International bandwidth capacity

While subscriber makes a data service on mobile broadband internet service session by dialing to the particular short code (for example #456) from their mobile phone or modem, BTS will allocate some resources for this session. Number of resources needed by data service session is bigger than voice or messaging (SMS) service. It needs around four times of voice resource. It means that if voice needs 64 kbps to make sure the calling session running well, data service (wireless or mobile broadband internet services) need 4×64 kbps. Meanwhile each BTS has limited capacity. Therefore, Telecommunication Company which has limited carrier frequency will assign first priority to voice and messaging (SMS) services rather than data service (wireless or mobile broadband internet services). There are many ways to resolve the capacity issue on the BTS side;

1. Assigning dedicated RF channel frequency for data service (wireless or mobile broadband internet services)
2. Different frequency between voice and data services (wireless or mobile broadband internet services)
3. Adding RF capacity by install more BTS

Traffic which requested by subscribers is huge internet traffic so then need high link capacity to carry out them. It different with voice and messaging (SMS) services which has certainty capacity then Telecommunication Company can predict how much link capacity to carry out this service. Meanwhile data service (wireless internet services) will has unpredictable traffic more often they will has huge traffic during peak hour. As the result, utilization link to carry out traffic from subscriber to Public Data Serving Node (PDSN) – suppose on the CDMA platform – will always getting saturated. Telecommunication Company will take some action to resolve this issue e.g.

1. Adding E1 capacity or

2. Migrate to optical network

International Bandwidth very expensive and usually Telecommunication Company will consider many times to add more bandwidth capacity. It could be that no issue found on the RF capacity and the link network but more often they will experience lack of international bandwidth capacity especially during peak hour while many subscribers trying to access internet on mobile broadband internet service

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Although BREW services need a less RF capacity but sometime session will also retrieve error message that could be from any network element. BREW client will generate error such as “network busy” while they are trying to access the BREW application. This error could be caused by many reasons such as lack of RF capacity; the server was down etc. this error should be identified and get a resolution immediately to reduce many complaints from subscribers

There are many ways to ensure what the root cause of this problem and how to fix it. Analyzing to all of network elements is needed as one network element connect and support to another one. One of the methods to identify the root cause of problem and fix it is by tracing the session from each network elements. BREW services on mobile internet service are running on application layer and once we ensure that no issue on the application, tracing the entire of session to produce the complete logs and analyze it is very useful.

The network elements which need to be traced to get a useful data are;

1. Base Station Controller (BSC)
2. Mobile Switching Controller (MSC)
3. Public Data Service Node (PDSN)
4. BREW server

By tracing on the BSC we will notice if user already sent the request to PDSN and get the response through A10/11 protocol. We can say that no issue found on the BTS, BSC and MSC once we confirm that the connection between BSC to PDSN is established. We can ensure it once the request from BSC was responded by PDSN. Tracing log from the PDSN will give more information whether the session is established or not and whether user retrieves the application from BREW server or not. Here also we can find why the session was disconnected and who did it. PDSN is the central processing of wireless or mobile internet service including BREW services (download content). The entire of data service process is happening in this network element. Therefore, information about the failed session we can find here; who is not responding and why they are not.

We also can do tracing the session from the BREW server to identify if the request from subscriber arrive to the server or not and if server gives a response to this request. Once we have complete information from each network elements then we can take a resolution to avoid the same case happen in the future

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Who is taking care to the SMS service? Messaging is one of main telecommunication service which should be available once telecommunication company need to launch a telecommunication service to the new area (expand the network coverage). The network infrastructures are needed to deploy SMS service are including the same one to deploy voice call service with new additional one that is Short Message Service Centre (SMSC). SMSC responsible to handle all request related to the SMS service. Mobile internet service will be not take care by this It will identify the SMS request from the originating mobile phone number, process the request and finally, send to request to the proper destination phone number. The complete network infrastructures which involved on the SMS service are;

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
3. Mobile Switching Centre
4. Home Local Register (HLR) or Visitor Local Register (VLR)
5. Short Message Service Centre (SMSC)
6. Intelligent Network (IN)

A message that sent by subscribers will be forward to the BTS, BSC and MSC and HLR/VLR. MSC will identify what kind of service is requested by subscriber, and it knew that it is a messaging service. The next step, MSC will forward the request to SMSC for next processing. SMSC will validate the phone number whether it is right to make a messaging service by checking the balance on Intelligent Network (IN). If it has sufficient balance, it will deducted and then deliver the message to the destination phone number.

Usually Telecommunication Company has more than one Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) to handle a huge SMS traffic. By this scenario, Telecommunication Company will share the total number of subscriber they have to each SMSC. It means that a SMS traffic will land to certainty SMSC and will be processed and delivered to the properly destination phone number. By this scenario also guarantee that, if one SMSC is getting a problem it will not impact to entire of subscribers. It will impacted to the subscriber handled by its SMSC

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1. Mobile (MS)
2. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
3. Transmission media
4. Base Station Controller (BSC)
5. Home Location Register (HLR) or Visitor Location Register (VLR)
6. Intelligent Network (IN)
7. Mobile Switching Control (MSC)

Those telecommunication elements above are minimum requirement needed to make a call session or data session on mobile internet service is going on. Actually there are more network element involved during call session but the will not discus here

The first step is you dial to the destination number through your mobile phone or handset. Mobile Station could be your mobile phone, fixed phone or VOIP call via computer. BTS which covered your mobile phone number will take over this dial process to be delivered to the destination number. BTS area is a station where usually contain a tower and shelter to place some equipment e.g. BTS itself, indoor unit of transmission media, power or battery and E1 termination. Shelter should keep on cool to ensure that all equipments are running proper. Meanwhile tower are used for transmit and receive all session either call, SMS or data services (mobile internet service ) from subscriber to the calling partner or to internet gateway

BTS will deliver and receive the telecommunication services from one subscriber to another one through transmission media which are usually using microwave radio, optical fiber and satellite. Media transmission is “the way” where traffic from subscriber or any source address will be delivered to another subscriber or destination address.

The next destination is the call session will land to BSC. BSC is collection of BTS that built in comprehensive equipment. BSC will take over the call session delivered by BTS and will identify what proper next destination. BSC then deliver the call session to MSC. MSC will check the mobile phone number whether he is valid phone number to make a call and identify who making a call is. MSC will request to HLR if the phone number is registered here and if not then MSC will try to find on the VLR if he/she is a visitor.

Once MSC ensure that the phone number is valid number on the database (HLR or VLR), the last step is balance deduction process on the IN. If subscribers balance is enough then balance will be deducted and voice session will happen and vice versa.

Actually the call process that happens on the telecommunication element is more complicate and each of them is related which means that if any disturbance to the one of them; it will impact to the call service. or data service on mobile internet service. The call service could be going to have poor performance or worst case they will get a call drop. But if they all run proper the call session will happen very fast as if you talk directly to your calling partner

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